美国英雄主义
1美国英雄文化是个人主义、进攻性和绝对的自信
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和欧洲国家相比，美国的英雄文化和这个国家一样年轻。作为移民国家，它的“英雄”不免带有旧大陆英雄文化的影子。但这个年轻国家自成立的第一天起就不断开疆拓土，国力急剧膨胀，它所塑造的英雄，不论是“扬基”或是牛仔；不论是向西部扩张的白人移民，还是征战海外的美国大兵；普遍具有一种相似的特质：个人主义、进攻性和绝对的自信。风靡一时的西部片几乎都是一个模式：一个英雄单枪匹马打天下，最后功成身退，悄然消失。现代版美国大片中的英雄固然造型多样，背景各异，但本质上“美国英雄”只有一个造型：美国人自己的造型，只是他有时穿着牛仔的衣服，有时戴着越战的钢盔，有时又打扮成蜘蛛人甚至外星人的模样罢了。
哲学家色诺芬尼说过，如果牛也有上帝，它的上帝一定是牛的模样。在世界上到处充老大的美国人，其所塑造的“英雄”自然也是一副舍我其谁的老大做派。虽然美国内不时有一些人士对此不以为然，推出如《现代启示录》、《拯救大兵瑞恩》这类“把英雄还原成人”的影片，或《生于7月4日》等反思英雄文化影响的作品，但这一切恰恰生动说明了英雄文化和“美国式英雄”，在美国人中有多么大的市场和多么深远的影响。如今美国这样“简单”的英雄文化已深刻影响着世界，正如美国的其他文化一样。
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从《爱国者》看美国的拯救精神和英雄主义
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长久以来，我一直想不通一件事，美国为什么热衷于当世界警察，它不好好理会自己的内政，却去干涉别国的内政，难道它真的想称霸世界？但是，自从我看了《爱国者》以后，我终于想明白了。那是美国长久以来的文化传统所造成的，那就是拯救主义和英雄主
义。
《爱国者》的故事背景是美国独立战争，讲述的是一个退伍军人马丁上尉为了保障他的家人的安全，毅然再批战袍，参加大陆军组织的民兵与英军浴血奋战，最终为美国的独立作出贡献，也保障了家人的安全。在影片中，梅尔.吉布逊所扮演的马丁上尉原来是一名英军军官，在七年战争中威名远播，但由于他对自己的战争中的所作所为感到懊悔，所以退隐山林，与儿女一起生活。美国独立战争爆发后，他为了家人的安全，他开始对独立战争是反对的。后来由于一次偶然的事件，他的次子被英军的塔维顿少校杀害，长子被英军
抓走，生命危在旦夕。同样是为了家人的安全，马丁再披战衣从戎，参加民兵对抗英军。在经过一系列的战斗，使战局大大改观，但是他的长子、儿媳、儿媳的家人、许多支持大陆军的人民却惨遭英军杀害。在最后一战中，马丁率领的民兵与大陆军并肩作战，打败了
康华利率领的英军。最后马丁与家人继续过平静的田园生活。
上述是这部影片的故事梗概。从这部电影我总结出一个观点：美国的拯救精神和英雄主义在一定程度上左右了美国的政策。为什么我会这样认为？首先我们要分析美国的拯救精神以及英雄主义。拯救精神在美国是很流行的，我观看许多美国大片，十之八九都用很浓厚的拯救精神的味道，例如《后天》、《独立日》等等。拯救精神的起源及其发展是怎样的呢？我个人认为，拯救精神起源于基督教的教义。基督教的救赎思想影响了整个基督教世界，不论是天主教世界还是东正教世界。正是由于救赎思想，十字军东征进行了八次；正是由于救赎思想，发生了地理大发现。美国独立后，国力迅速增长，国土面积扩大好几倍。美国环视四周，看见欧洲列强在拉美的殖民统治被拉美独立运动的浪潮所摧毁，新生的拉美诸国如出生婴儿。于是当时的门罗总统抛出了一个“泛美主义”，宣称美洲是美洲人的美洲，欧洲各国不能插足美洲的事务。这与日本的泛亚主义是多么的相似。美国认为自己是美洲人的救世主，只有美国才可以团结美洲诸国来抗衡欧洲，从而使美洲强大。这充分体现了拯救精神。到了一战后期，美国参战，虽然说美国参战是看到德国败局已定，想从中分一杯羹，但从文化上看美国出兵也是一种拯救精神，去拯救欧洲各国人民，使他们尽快脱离战争，重新得到和平。无独有偶，到了二战，美国也是到了战争的中后期，之前的参战国已经精疲力尽的时候参战的，这也体现了美国的拯救精神。到了现代，许多重大的国际事件，只要有美国的身影，美国都是以一种救世主的身份出现的。总的来说，我认为了美国的拯救精神造就了美国的泛美主义乃至全球主义。他认为自己是全球国家的老大，那个国家的制度等等方面不符合美国的利益，美国就扮演一个医生的角色去拯救你。但是有一点挺讽刺的是美国为了自身的利益拒绝签订《京都议定书》，但他没有发现签订《京都议定书》是在拯救别人，也在拯救自己。虽然美国的拯救精神应用外交方面是贬大于褒，但在军队里却是真正救了不少人。在《菊与刀》里有这样的观点，日本人的军队对于军医的需求是不大的，对于那些伤病员日军大都将其处死或者让他自行了结，但美军却不同，美军有比较专业的军医，对于伤病员大都尽力抢救的。另外，如果有些士兵不幸被俘虏，美国人都会尽全力去营救，所以美国的拯救精神用在真正的救死扶伤中是值得称赞的。 分析完拯救精神后接下来分析英雄主义。英雄主义也是流行于美国大片里，例如《爱国者》、《珍珠港》等等。这些片子里都有一个至两个的英雄，我个人认为这与美国的人民意识有关。美国是一个移民国家，刚刚开始的时候什么都没有，面对着恶劣的自然环境，只有靠自己的辛勤劳动自力更生才可以生存。所以他们崇尚英雄。特别是西进运动时期，
政府鼓励人们到西部开发，所以英雄主义就流行起来了。另外，我认为美国的英雄主义是自由主义的衍生物。美国是一个移民国家，没有经历过封建社会的洗礼，民主意识比世界其他地方都要浓，人们都追求自由、民主、平等、博爱。人们都普遍承认中国人的一句话“王侯将相宁有种乎”，美国人都认为自己可以成为英雄。所以这造就了许多我们熟悉的美
国传奇人物。但是，这种英雄主义利用不当就会变成极端的个人主义。
极端个人主义我认为是美国青少年犯罪的源头之一。青少年心智发育不成熟，容易受一些英雄主义的影响，加上一些人的险恶用心，从而使青少年的犯罪率上升。所以，英雄主义对于美国人来说是一把双刃剑，既可以让他们建功立业，也可以让他们家破人亡。 综上所述，我认为美国的拯救精神和英雄主义是一把双刃剑，利用得当救可以造福世
人，利用不当就会造成灾难性的后果。
来源 ：http://community.wm360.cn/space/index.php/8021/viewspace-11023.html
American heroism in movies
From to ,from to
Ripper> ,these movies reflect the obvious heroism .Take it as a example, is a typical one. The wife of protagonist works at a Japanese company，being visited to participate in the Christmas party of The 30th floor. Yet a group of gangsters are playing in 600 million money of the company. They blockaded the building ,leaving these guests as hostages. Mike succeed Iin escaping luckily, circling round prisoners individually to put to flight they finally，and extricate his wife.
Hero is a rich concept of cultural meaning, as the embodiment of human ideals, not only with the common human culture, but also because it has obviously special characteristics as being the product of specific history.
In Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (4th edition), it says that: heroism is brave and noble conduct. In Webster’s New World Dictionary (3rd college edition), it reads that: heroism is the qualities and actions of a hero or heroine, bravery, nobility, valor, etc. And also, as Thomas Carlyle explained in his book On Heroes, Hero-ship, and the Heroic in History, heroism in history was greatness of
spirit, which was created by the heroes, who not only create the values by which other men live and gain their only true freedom but also satisfy mankind’s deep need for veneration of heroes.
The heroism of America roots in the Puritanism of America. Puritans was the
name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants（新教徒，基督教徒） within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation （英国宗教改革）had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church. They wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century.
Puritans believed that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God's chosen people (God's elect 上帝的选民)while others were predestined to be damned to hell. The success of one's work or the prosperity in his calling given by God was the sign of being God's elect. Therefore, everyone must work hard, spend little and invest for more business. Working hard and living a moral life were their ethics. They regarded Bible to be the authority of their doctrine. To be able to read the Bible and understand God's will, education was essential for Puritans. Puritanism in New England (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine and Rhode Island) made a great influence on American culture. The Puritans hoped to build "a city upon hill"—an ideal community. Since that time, Americans have viewed their country as a great experiment, a worthy model for other nations. New England also established another American tradition—a strain of often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believed that government should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath（安息日） and other religious believers different from themselves. The American values such as
individualism, hard work, and respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.
Notice the four components of heroism: moral greatness, ability and prowess(英勇）, action in the face of opposition, and triumph in a spiritual form.
The hero is one who holds rational values and fights for them, if necessary, against every conceivable form of opposition. Heroism is a moral concept. By its nature it is reserved for the man set apart--for the select few who tower above the rest. It is a rare classification. To attain this status one must reach the peak of human morality--an unalterable commitment to rational values, in action, in the teeth of （抵挡）opposition that would dismay a lesser man.
The characteristics of American heroism are individualism, offensive and absolute self-confidence.Comparing with other European countries , American heroism is as young as this country. As a nation of immigrants, it's "Heroes" can not help with having the shadow of the Old World’s heroes. But the young country constantly have exploited the boundary and enhanced national strength since it’s establishment.The heroes they have shaped, whether it is a "Yankee" or a cowboy, the white settlers expanding westward or American soldiers fighting overseas, generally have similar traits: individualism, aggressive and absolute self-confidence. Westerns are almost always a universal mode: a hero single-handedly conquerd the world, and finally achieved the goal and quietly disappeard. Modern heroes in the American movies are certainly have a variety of shapes and backgrounds, but the essence of "American Heroes" is only one model: the styles of American themselves. The only different is that he is sometimes dressed in cowboy clothes, sometimes wears a helmet the
Vietnam War, sometimes dressed as Spider-Man or even has the appearance of saucer man.
Philosopher Xenophanes say that if cattle have God, God, it must look like cattle. Pretending as the head of the world , the "heroes" Amreican created naturally is the bosses that thy can do everything by themselves. Although some American who do not agree with this,making the movies such as ,with " restore the heroes to the adult" ,or reflect on heroism culture’s influences, but this was taking a vivid description of the heroic
culture and the "American hero" make how far-reaching impact in American. Now the heroism culture has a profound impact on the world, as the other culture of United States.
What are heroes, perhaps going through tribulation, still have their own beliefs, and eventually go in the end. This analysis shows, in fact, individual heroism should be divided into two parts. First, individualism, the second is a hero.In fact, individualism can be counted an important part of American culture, they firmly believe that the individual development and freedom are the most important cores. As for heroism, it roots in the anxiety and fear we have due to our own living environment, which is the sense comes from our heart to the unkown world.The heroes always have all the good qualities we expect, always give us the most
favorable support and protection in the most dangerous moment. In other words, our hero is actually a perfect position for our own. But we will never reach that kind of standard, so there must be a image of the hero, giving our heart a comfort.
Americans seem to be aware of this point deeply. We can see, all the American films of heroism must involve the family, love, friendship, failure, depressure, then be enlightened, rise, and ultimately defeats evil.
From traditional Chinese view, heroism is often existed, from ancient Yellow Emperor fighted with Chi You can see our hero position, but the Chinese do not promote individualism, which is consistent with the the Confucianists (儒家). There is no national significance for individuals separate from the community, but there is also a bit of individualism that we must strive to learn, that is its value to share endless pursuit of power, while in traditional Chinese culture, too more emphasis are paid on the contribution of social and surrounding ,there is no intrinsic motivation to drive our not driven pursuit of our own value, consequently, people will lose the will to
struggle. So this is our first lessons that we should the draws the essence of individual. Second one is the implementation of responsibility. Individualistic orientation is their own thing, so individuals who live in a society, to fulfill their social
responsibilities. The concept of collective responsibility of the Selection Committee in easily leads to another phenomenon, which is a collective cultural ill,to pass the buck to each other. As to heroism, the hero is actually our own values, capabilities perfected. Perfection is impossible, but we can not stop the pace of the pursuit to perfection, as stated before, uphold justice, keep the faith, fulfill its responsibility, never stop the pursuit for the goal, you will find, actually, you are a hero.
People love heroes, worship heroes and even follow the leads of heroes. No matter what culture it is, heroism, as a great power, continuously stimulates people to develop and to progress. It plays a significant role in the national spirit. The
earthquake that occurred in 12 May, 2008, killed nearly one hundred thousand people in Sichuan province. Countless troops and rescue experts were sent to Sichuan to rescue survivors and to reconstruct. Confront adverse geographical conditions and continuous aftershocks, the soldiers were not afraid. But almost every day we could hear the report of soldiers’ injury or death during that hard time. I still remember the words one soldier said, “The 50% possibility of death to the 50% hope of surviving, it’s worth exchanging.” What great heroism spirit it is!
Today, the process of globalization is accelerating, how to maintain the essence of national culture and keep pace with the world’s step is a big problem. In China, the publication of heroism is imperative, because it not only strengthens the people's patriotic education, but also encourages people to create values for the country, and this is what a superpower need.
References
[1]Grolier Incorporated. Encyclopedia Americana. the 14th volume, U.S.A.: Grolier Incorporated, 1988.
[2]Hornby A. S,Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary(4th edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press & Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1997.
[3]Webster’s New World, Webster’s New World Dictionary (3rd college edition), New York: Webster’s Now World, 1988.
[4]复旦大学国际政治系资本主义国家政治教研室.美国[M].上海：上海辞书出版社，1993.
[5]顾学稼，陈必录，姚波，吴文嘉.美国史纲要[M].成都：四川大学出版社.
[6]赵晓兰.美国的诞生[M].上海：复旦大学出版社，2001.
美国电影中的英雄主义
【艺术评论１
峰和脑瘫儿子的故事。上天不公和丈夫无情的双重打击并没有使她放弃对生活的希望，她没有选择怨恨，而是以宽容来化解磨难，以阳光的姿态迎接这突如其来的一切，不计较回报地付出，永不放弃的生活理想给了她全部的力量。秦旭峰这样表述她现在生活的理想：“他是我的孩子，他是维系着我的一个梦想，作为一个正常女人应该有的所有的梦想，结婚，生子，有了这孩子我不可能放弃，我会给他一切的……这世界上不可能有另外一个女人成为他妈妈的”。这是伟大母爱的坦诚表露，也是坚强的秦旭峰生活的支点，这样的自述里面也包含了编导主题立意：女人也许是脆弱的，但作为母亲的女人却一定是坚强的。
综上，以人物事迹和经历为叙事基础的人物电视专题片，通过影像选择上人物的感性表达、影像和声音上的艺术表现，以及人物自述方面的合理布局来以情感人，进而达到与观众的共鸣。
注释：
【ｌ】【美】罗伯特・麦基：＜故事——材质，结构、风格和银幕剧作
原理），中国电影出版社２００９年版，第１３页。
【２１许南明富澜崔君衍：＜电影艺术词典），中国电影出版社２００５
年版，第１５３页。
【３】许南明富澜崔君衍：＜电影艺术词典＞．中国电影出版社２００５
年版，第１５３页。
参考文献：
１．【美１罗伯特・麦基：＜故事——材质、结构、风格和银幕剧作原理＞．中国电影出版社２００９年版。
２．高鑫周文：＜电视专题＞．中国广播电视出版社２００８年版。
３．蔡尚伟：‘电视专题＞，清华大学出版社２０１０年版。
４．邵清风李俊：＜视听语言＞，中国传媒大学出版社２００７
年版。
５．【美】罗伯特・考克尔：＜电影的形式与文化＞，北京大学出版社
２００４年版。
马晓虎：渭南师范学院传媒工程系
‘本文为渭南师范学院研究生专项科研项目．编号０９ＹＫ７＿，０２９。
责任编辑：李雷
美国英雄主义电影一直是电影市场的宠儿，占据了世界电影的半壁江山，塑造了一个又一个英雄形象，成为年轻人追逐崇拜的偶像。本文将通过探讨英雄的定义，分析此类电影中塑造的英雄人物所普遍存
在的人性缺失；电影又往往一味强调英雄拯救世界的强大能力，恰恰违背了民主精神这一主题；再者从审美价值角度出发，美国电影英雄的娱乐性远超英雄
的现实意义。
１１４
ＮＯ．１１ｏｆ２０１０
万方数据
好莱坞英雄主义的人性缺失
何谓英雄？氍人物志》有云：“聪明秀出，谓之
茺胆力过人，谓之雄”。英雄者，有凌云之壮志，气
吞山河之势，腹纳九州之量，包藏四海之胸襟！肩扛正义，救黎民于水火，解百姓于倒悬。这是古人对英雄的解读。《现代汉语词典》解释有两层意思：一是
指才能勇武过人的人另外一层意思是不怕困难，不
顾自己，为人民利益而英勇斗争的，令人钦佩的人。英雄和普通人的最大区别应该是“无所畏惧”，但是，笔者看来，“无所畏惧”并不代表“从未畏惧”。于是，大部分的人开始畏惧，开始退缩，而英雄的潜质就是在这个时候开始显露的。没有人是天生的英雄，古语说的好，。天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，行拂乱其所为也。。当苦难让你觉得畏惧，支撑不下去的时候，决定你命运的时刻就来临了。不懂得畏惧的人不知道什么是困难，也无法战胜困难。只有懂得畏惧的人，才能唤起自己的力量。只有懂得畏惧的人，才有勇气去战胜畏惧。懂得畏惧的可怕，还能超越它，征服它，最终成为它的主人的人，就是英雄。１１ｌ因此，英雄不是一蹴而就的，更不是天生的，他总是经历了一个面对畏惧，克服畏惧的过程，只有将这个过程反映出来，才是还英雄以本
真面目。
好莱坞为世界打造了一大批孤胆英雄，他们或肌肉健硕，神勇过人，如《终结者》系列中阿诺施瓦辛格扮演的终结者始终以弱胜强，最后挽救了人类；或机智灵活，风度翩翩，如蒙面大侠佐罗和《００７》系
列中的詹姆斯邦德，他们更能赢得女性观众的青睐
或如平民英雄阿甘，虽然智商只有７５，但凭借其坚忍不拔的毅力，也成就了一番英雄业绩。。无惧无畏”在这些英雄们身上得到了淋漓尽致的体现，似乎在他们的字典里就没有“怕”这个字，这也是他们区别于普通人的最大特点。
“个人英雄主义”已经是好莱坞式英雄的精髓和灵魂之一。伴随美国历史而生的个人主义是美国精神的核心，主要体现在自由、平等、自立、自强和自我实现等方面，崇尚个人自由和尊严，反对强权及其对个人的支配，强调个人作用【２１。好莱坞式英雄就是顺应这样的大众愿望而产生的。他们抗争的唯一途径便
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【艺术批评】
是以暴制暴，总是在逆境中奋起，在搏杀中显示其英雄气概。不管故事题材如何，折射在人性上的美却总是振奋人心１３ｌ。因此，畏惧当然完全被“抛之脑后”了。
好莱坞式的英雄要么是天生的，要么是在转眼间摇身一变，不管之前是干什么的，蜕变成英雄的速度比超人换装的速度还快。“无所畏惧”在许多人眼里都是英雄最大的特质，好莱坞导演们也极尽夸张之能事表现英雄们大无畏的气概。然而，作为英雄，首先应该是个人，而不是神。人都是应该有所畏惧的，只有在克服畏惧之后才能成长为真正的英雄。导演们跳过了这一重要的成长过程，中间往往没有任何铺垫，促成的是一个完美的英雄，而造就的却是一个有缺陷的角色。在电影事业飞速发展的今天，刻画人物的手法越发高明，塑造的角色越来越丰满，英雄人物的表现也该更细腻些了。而不是一味的表现其强大的一面，英雄也有成长成熟的过程，也有脆弱的一面。
近几年，英雄的前面又被灌上了“超级”二字。所谓超级英雄，其实完全是幻想中的英雄角色，他们拥有超越普通人的特殊能力，做出一些不同寻常的壮举和英勇的行为，保护人民，与恶势力搏斗。一般他们都会有一套能够代表其个性和超能力的华丽装束，和一个有着同样个性的名字。其中最具代表性的一个就是超人。尤其是２００２年被誉为电影业的“重磅炸弹”的《蜘蛛侠》取得了很大的成功后，其票房成绩令人羡慕不已，接着在好莱坞也掀起了一股以拍摄改编超级英雄为题材的电影风潮。最近活跃在银幕上的还有蝙蝠侠、蜻蜓侠、神奇四侠等等，他们都如出一辙，原本是个普通人，但是接触到某种具有放射线的物质后便拥有了神奇的魔力，或飞檐走壁，或力大无穷，或身手敏捷，或秘密武器，有高科技做后盾，不必担心他们的战斗力，反正只有观众想不到的，没有他们做不到的。
英雄已然被无限神化，相对于人的特质来看，他们更像是“神”。也许，用“漫域英雄”这个词更确切些，因为他们与现实生活中的英雄相距甚远。英雄，本是世代流传，为人敬仰、竞相模仿的人物，但现在的美国电影英雄靠的不是人性的魅力，而是通过电脑特技的制作，以更加复杂的特效和有更冲击力的画面来吸引观众。英雄们无可匹敌的“神力”让普通
２０１０年第１１期
１１５
【艺术评论１
人望而却步，只能当他们是电影人物去欣赏，可以说，已经失去了其寓教于人的传统意义。
“超级英雄”与民主精神的背离
美国英雄主义电影中的英雄们一路走来，本领越来越大，成就的英雄业绩也越来越显赫，由过去的人迅速修炼成“神”。在这些电影中，政府和警察总是沦落为摆设，法律更是鲜有提及，似乎根本不存在，英雄就是正义的化身，完全主宰了人民的意志。电影里我们看到英雄的能力越大，所创立的功绩越高，那么世界前进的方向将完全由英雄的意念所决定，情感和好恶将取代所有的法律条文，成为人人服从首领的风向标。在强调民主与法制的今天，这难道不是时代的倒退吗？
美国文化发展过程中一直受到普世主义观念的影响，美国的先民们以上帝的选民自居，“既要注重自身发展，又要把能促进自身发展的优越文化传播到世界”１４１，民主与自由是美国精神的核心。和可口可乐、美国汽车一样风靡世界的美国电影始终肩负着宣传美国民主精神这一文化大使的重任。从表面上看，好莱坞英雄主义电影都是在宣扬民主和自由这一主题。如《勇敢的心静中梅尔吉普森扮演的威廉华莱士，他本来是一个普通人，可是他最终没有过上普通人的生活，因为那个时代决定了他的命运，而他要不屈服命运就只有反抗，于是他带领苏格兰人民揭竿而起。当失败的华莱士被行刑前那一刻高喊“ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ”时，彻底征服了每一个观众的心。像佐罗、００７、罗宾汉之类更是英雄专业户，生来就是救人于水火的。超级英雄中的超人、蜘蛛侠之类，总是不停地与恶势力作斗争，以至于人们在遇到生死困境时想到的不是警察、政府，而是他们。
总体来看，这些英雄或关乎民族利益，国家命运，或捍卫正义，自由与平等，或是更贴近现实的平民楷模，处处闪耀着人性的光辉，体现了美国人向往和平、尊严，民主的美好愿望。而在电影中，英雄们似乎维护的是自由与民主，但又强调个人改变世界的强大力量，这的确让人觉得自相矛盾。当人们将世界和平，生命安全完全寄希望于一个人时，那就是在空谈民主。仿佛世界又回到了封建社会，人们将英雄尊
１万方数据
１６
ＮＯ．１１Ｏｆ２０１０
为“天”，人人诚服于他，他的意志决定人心向背。这完全是和民主精神背道而驰的。
同时，电影为了烘托英雄人物的大无畏气概，总
是通过渲染暴力的场面达到效果。如《星战前传３——西斯的复仇》中，时不时高喊着。自由”、“民主”，但观众看到的却是一个人拿着激光剑砍翻一船人，这里只有对权利的欲望和对武力的崇尚，哪里还有民主精神。或如《钢铁侠》中武装到牙齿的钢铁侠，火焰喷射、针刺导弹、音爆冲击波，这些高精尖武器一个不落的用上了，最后一个镜头是无辜少年用充满感激与敬意的眼神目送这位。大侠…的飞去。英雄们总是用血腥杀戮来显示其英雄气概，难道真的让青少年崇拜这样的暴力英雄吗？
“娱乐英雄”
现在的美国英雄主义电影过分强调对电影欣赏的感官刺激性，或称视听盛宴，往往忽略了电影本身在审美文化领域所起的作用。这样的电影只能归为娱乐性电影，很难唤起观众的共鸣。正如理查德・加纳罗在谈到娱乐性电影时所言：。漫不经心的娱乐片没有什么不好，但是一旦你走出剧院的时候，你就会把它忘掉。”１５１好莱坞导演大量使用多媒体的表现方式，将英雄气概表现的“淋漓尽致”，观众的想象力已然没有挥洒的空间。娱乐性虽然是电影赢得观众的必要手段，但过分的娱乐性则有媚俗的嫌疑。现在的美国电影英雄由于其过分的娱乐精神，已然淡化了英雄本该有的现实意义。
从审美角度看，可以分为表层审美和深层审美。在现象学美学家盖格尔看来，艺术的表层审美效果作用于人的生命领域，也就是感性领域，而深层审美效果则作用于人格领域。１６］在电影里呼风唤雨的英雄们恐怕迎合的只能是观众的感性刺激，达到的是人的瞬间快感体验，而无法满足深层审美中强调的精神性和情感体验持久性状态。这也是为什么好莱坞电影英雄被一波波的推陈出新，佐罗、终结者，００７似乎已一去不复返，超人、蝙蝠侠、蜘蛛侠也走上了下坡路，钢铁侠，神奇四侠等一系列的侠客陆续被搬上银幕。这些美国电影英雄，在银幕上打着英雄的旗号，使尽浑身解数，让银幕上充斥着这些视觉快餐，私底下担
心的确是票房和人气，走上了献媚观众的道路。这也许是英雄们极力张扬其娱乐性的最大尴尬。
现在随着数字技术的飞速发展，美国电影英雄过分依赖其场面和视觉奇观性，而忽略了其自身的人格魅力，这不得不让人担忧电影的前景。也许现在的年轻人更倾向于电影的画面感，但这并不代表对人物个性没有追求。一个丰满的英雄人物，应该是艺术性，思想性，娱乐性的完美结合体。当代电影市场，作为主流的好莱坞英雄主义电影因为其票房的号召力恰恰掩盖了其不足之处。好莱坞电影英雄总是以虚假失真定型化的人物，公式化的情节，夸张造作的情感出现，无疑会将大众带人审美的误区。电影人物的娱乐性不应该只是娱乐消费，一味迎合观众的口味，而应引导大众的审美趣味。
结论
残忍的屠杀，脆弱的人民，动荡的局势，弥漫的硝烟，这些都是美国电影中孕育英雄的先决条件。但无论英雄们威力有多大，电影情节却逃不出原本的套路。近数十年来，似乎已经把人类心目中的英雄拍了个遍，上至美国总统，下至普通百姓，人人都有可能成为英雄。尤其是现在平民英雄流行的时代，如蜘蛛侠、蝙蝠侠之流，并非你选择成为英雄，而是英雄选择了你。好莱坞导演似乎已经到了弹尽粮绝的地步，老故事被不停地翻拍，拍完前传拍后传，拍完续二拍续三。不得不让人感叹好莱坞电影英雄将何去何从？
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【艺术批评】
制造英雄容易，维护英雄的票房真是难上加难。观众们在为英雄们赞叹喝彩的同时虽抚慰了自己现实中的失落与不堪，但也难挡审美疲劳的侵袭。仅仅靠外包装吸引人的英雄，只能抓住观众的眼睛，很难抓住观众的心。只有真正靠人格魅力征服观众，才能完成电影英雄的使命，成为偶像的经典，引领年轻人奋进的方向，而不是一味地在幻想。好莱坞导演是时候在这方面下点苦功了，否则当观众的视觉，听觉，好奇心经过一次次的磨炼，他们的心也就刀枪不入了。
注释：
【１１当年明月：‘明朝那些事儿・万国来朝＞，北京：中国友谊出
版公司，２００９年，第１８９一１９０页。
【２】李东霞：＜浅析好莱坞经典影片中的美国精神）．＜科教文汇＞，
２００８年第１２期，第２５４—２６４页。
【３】杨佑茂：＜好莱坞历史题材电影的文化特征＞。“‘电影评介＞．
２００８年第１７期．第２９页。
【４】罗锦生：＜美国菁世主义文化的宗教根源和本土化过程探析＞．
（漳州师范学院学报）（哲学社会科学版），２００７年第２期．第
１１６－１２０页．
【５】理查德・加纳罗，特尔玛・阿特休勒：＜艺术：让人成为人＞，
北京：北京大学出版社，２００７年．第３５１页。
【６】刘志：＜现象学视闻中的电影审美价值辨析＞．＜浙江艺术职
业学院学报），２００９年第４期。第５７—６２页。
史莹娟：江苏大学外国语学院责任编辑：张慧瑜
２０１０年尊１１期
１１７
美国电影中的英雄主义
作者：作者单位：刊名：英文刊名：年，卷(期)：
史莹娟
江苏大学外国语学院艺术评论
ARTS CRITICISM2010(11)
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美国人的个人英雄主义
美国人的个人英雄主义
摘 要 个人英雄主义作为美国文化的核心价值观念，利用电影的画面美与个人英雄主义情结巧妙地结合起来。并通过一系列的文化传播等方式，进入了大众的视野迫使人们不得不关注这一新兴价值观。 关键词 价值观 个人英雄主义 自由
作为一名热爱美国大片的大学生，一说起美国人的传统价值观念，我想第一个蹦出来的就是“个人英雄主义”观念了。的确，在美国大片充斥电影市场的今天，《美国队长2》、《X战警：逆转未来》、《超凡蜘蛛侠2》、《银河护卫队》等影片塑造了一个又一个让人热血沸腾的英雄形象。超级英雄电影一直以来凭借恢弘的场面效果、完美的剪辑技巧和动人心魄的情节发展牢牢吸引观众的眼球。《美国队长》作为其中的典型，将电影的画面美与个人英雄主义情结巧妙地结合起来。
我虽然没有跟美国人接触过，但在众多的影视作品中，我们能很明显的感觉到，美国人把个人自由放在高于一切的地位。不仅从联邦宪法赋予个人以信仰，言论，出版和集会的自由，而且在日常的交往过程中，美国人也很重视个人自由。当个人自由受到威胁时，他们有权用枪杆子来维护自己的权利。就是在这样的环境中，让他们的个人主义观念日益膨胀。 那么，我们应该会好奇，美国人的个人英雄主义价值观是怎么产生的？首先，价值观的产生是自由选择。这种选择的自由对于价值观的发展是最基本的，因为价值观不可能经由强制或压迫而获得，它是一种心甘情愿作出的选择，是在仔细考虑与衡量所有的选择途径及其可能后果后作出的决定。价值观渗透和贯穿着我们的生活，自由的选择使我们成为生活的积极参与者，而不是旁观者。价值观是“个人或群体所特有的一种显性或隐性的认为什么是可取的观念，这一种观念影响着人们现有的种种行动模式，方式和目的中做出选择”。接下来，我们不得不追述一下美利坚合众国建立的由来了。在17世纪的时候，出现了一股移民的浪潮，也就是哥伦布发现美洲大陆后约两百年。而为什么这么多人会移民到美洲呢？我们都知道那时候欧洲的航海探险依然不成熟，一不小心可能就是有去无回了。历史学家们认为有经济、宗教和政治上的动机，今天无意讨论这方面的细微因素，只要大家把他们联系到一起来看，其实他们都是为了个人的自由。无论是政治上受到迫害也好，宗教上的清教徒受到排挤也好，还是生活困苦无法继续，其实大家冒险走向这一片新天地，心里的信念就是为了能够更自由美好的生活，不再受到压迫，不再受到约束。在拥有这样思想意识形态的众多移
①
② ①②王恩铭：《闲话美国人——美国人的基本价值观念(1)》，《英语自学》 2000年第1期。 罗艳丽：《阿甘正传:美国传统价值观的呼唤与回归》，《电影评介》 2006年第19期。
民基础上建立的美国，可想而知，个人的自由是第一位的，这就是为什么美国一直强调人权大于主权。且不讨论这种说法的对与错，至少反映了这样一个良好的愿望，就是人自由而全面的发展。在这种思想形态下的美国，个人是一个核心的单位，每个人都有自己的责任和权利。由此，我们也能解释，为什么在美国“个人自由主义”观念如此盛行了。
前面一直反复强调美国人的“个人英雄主义”价值观，那什么是英雄，也许就是历经曲折和磨难，仍然有着自己的信念，最终走到底的人。其实个人英雄主义应该是分成两部分来看的．一是个人主义，二是英雄主义。个人主义其实算的上是美国文化的重要部分，他们坚信个人的存在发展和自由舒展是最重要的核心。而对于英雄主义来说，其实说到底是源于我们对于自身的生存环境，人文理念的忧虑和畏惧，这是发自内心深处的对于未知世界和生存危机的感应。而英雄总是具有我们所期望的所有好的品质，总是能在最危险的关头给予最有利的支持和保护。其中《美国队长》作为漫威旗下的一个后天式英雄，他出生于二战时期，也是漫画鼎盛的时期。第一部《美国队长》讲述了一个英雄从人人可欺的弱小成长为拯救人民的超级战士的蜕变历程。《美国队长2：寒冬战士》则是选择了多人打斗的画面，主角也不再局限于一人——英勇善战却又顾念旧情的队长、失去记忆冷酷无情的巴基、认真坦率毫不逊色的娜塔莎亦或武力平平却勇敢对敌的山姆，多人主角不仅摆脱了第一部中略显乏味的局面，成功地塑造出了美国队长这样一个家喻户晓的超级英雄形象。当超级英雄电影已经成为美国电影主旋律，它所表现的个人英雄主义情结已经慢慢深入人心。那么，何谓个人英雄主义呢？个人英雄主义，简单的拆分看来就包括个人与英雄这两个部分。纵观美国的超级英雄电影，电影中主人公不论是强大无敌的战士亦或天生羸弱的青年，他们永远以个人的姿态活跃在荧屏前。而另一方面，他们不论面对怎样的强敌和危机，关键时刻总能激发无限的潜力，化险为夷，拯救人民和世界。因此，个人英雄主义，即体现在个人身上的，面对困难、克服危机与矛盾时的英勇抵抗与自我牺牲精神。也如果说的有内涵一点，英雄其实就是我们自己对于自己的一个完美定位。只是自己永远达不到那样的标准，所以必须有一个意识中的英雄形象走出来，给予自己心灵一个抚慰。美国人似乎在这一点上觉察的很深，可以看到，所有的美国英雄主义的电影中都要牵涉亲情，爱情，友情，失败，沮丧，点化，奋起，最终战胜险恶。大家仔细看看，这是不是我们的生活的全部呢？
美国的个人英雄主义具有鲜明的美国人的性格特点和典型的美国式价值观念。每当灾难降临时，这些英雄都会挺身而出，拥有超人的智慧和能力，带领人民走出困境。当然，美国也是一个热烈崇拜个人英雄主义的国家。美国社会倡导独立和自由的精神，肯定人的价值并且充分体现了人作为社会主体的重要性，一切以人为本。鼓励个人依靠自身的能力创造自由1
美好的生活并且造福社会，惠及人类。美国人从小推崇的就是个人奋斗，在激烈无情的社会竞争中取胜，取得安全感和成就感，成为本行业的先锋和领袖。
在我看来，近十多年来,好莱坞电影能成功地将美国的文化价值观灌输到其他国家，其中中国也“不能幸免”,而在美国精神中占有重要地位的个人英雄主义更是刻画到极致。作为广大观众之一的我来说，对美式个人英雄主义持保留态度,可能是因为每个人内心深处都怀揣一个英雄梦,可是在现代和平大环境下,平凡的我们几乎没有机会去实现,可以说无用武之地,所以我们往往会寄希望于电影主人公身上,希望他们能够代替我们完成这个萦绕心中却又难以实现的梦想。当然,从某种程度上说,美式个人英雄主义具有一定的积极意义,但当前的好莱坞电影塑造了太多的英雄,造成了英雄泛滥,如何在塑造伟大的个人英雄主义与英雄泛滥之间谋求平衡则显得尤其重要。但是美国通过电影的文化输出方式，逐渐向其他国家进行文化“渗透”，其本质上是在进行一场“思想的战争”，正如理查德•克罗斯曼所言：“这场战争具有一个庞大的武器库，所藏的武器是刊物、图书、会议、研讨会、美术展览、音乐会、授奖等。”1961年6月，美国一家著名电影公司的制片人兼导演达利尔•柴纳尔在英国《电影及电影制作》发表文章，称好莱坞影片是“铁盒里的大使”。“这些圆盒子里装有卷得很紧的一卷卷印着美国电影制片者思想、想象和创作才能的走遍世界的影片。我相信，美国影片是对共产主义最有效的摧毁力量。”将核心价值观放在大众文化的传播和交往中，凭借强大的经济力和科技力进行输出，以实现价值观念上的传播和渗透，效果明显。文化产品的大量输出，导致美国文化在世界各国广泛流行。美国的电视节目和电影，以及美国的通俗音乐、生活时尚在全球各个角落传播，美国的科学与文化期刊数量与影响力远远超过任何发展中国家。这些充满美国情调的文化产品蜂拥而至那些国门初开或敞开的国家，尽管丰富了当地的文化生活，但却悄悄地吞噬着那里的民族文化。所以我们作为当代大学生，更要有理智的跟随潮流，不要盲目的跟风。做到取其精华，去其糟粕。 ①
① 韩源：《美国对外文化战略手段》，《国家文化安全论》 2014年第3期。
美国个人英雄主义
大学
专 科 生 毕 业 论 文（设 计）
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Individual heroism in American and China
Thesis Statement:The United States is a superpower ,and has a strong sense of independence and warm pursuing of individual Heroism.
Abstract: Introduce the American heroism take Air Force One for instance, give the detailed information about the Air Force One, and describe how the president fight against the terrorists. analysis the reason why it exist in American and China, finally compared the American individual heroism with the Chinese heroism and individual heroism should be controlled at the best degree so that it can make the great contribution to the country and the people.
Keywords: American, Individual heroism, Air Force One.
I. Introduction
Analysis the individual heroism in American and compared it with the China individual heroism. Take Air Force One as an example, analyzing the reasons that why it has been exist for so many years, and also the point how it is developed. Give some detailed descriptions of the Individual heroism in the film of Air Force One, especially analysis the American president's action against the terrorists and the service he enjoyed. And what he did when he confronted the difficulties, by the way, feature the skills the president have that escape from the worst situation. At the same time, give us a eye feast on the equipment and advanced technology on the Air Force One, and the perfect safe system it owns. What is more, describe the staff that work for the president, their behavior that sacrifice themselves for the president's safety. They are awesome and so skilled in the use of the technology, and when they face the sudden situation what they present us is calm and have the spirit of not giving up until the last miniate. Praising their technology and their essence when face with the choice we have to made very difficult. Then we can compared the individual heroism in American with the individual heroism in China, it may have something in common, we can learn something from it.
The organization of the paper is, first explain the individual heroism in American, take Air Force One as an example, give a brief introduction of the Air Force One, it's equipment, the staff, the technology, the safety system it have, the special functions it owns, and so on. Then we embody the individual heroism in Air Force One, give the most detailed description of the battle between the president and the terrorists to presenting the president's wit and braveness, at the end of the first chapter, define and describe the characters of individual heroism, the film suggest. In the second chapter, comparing the individual heroism exist in China and the United States. Explain the reason why individual heroism appeared in the two countries, from the aspect of culture origin, social history background, their emphasis on personal role. And then compared the difference between the China and the United States about the individual heroism.
II. The individual heroism in American
In modern films, the hero is often described as an ordinary person in extraordinary circumstances, who, despite the odds being go against him or her, typically dangers in the end. In some movies (especially action films), a hero may present characteristics such as superhuman power and patience that makes him nearly invincible. Often a hero in these situations has a bad man, especially a charismatic evildoer who represents, leads, or himself embodies the struggle the hero is up against. Post-modern fictional works have fomented the increased popularity of the the people who is antihero, who does not obey common conceptions of heroism. Hero or heroine is sometimes used to simply describe the protagonist of a story, or the love affairs, a usage which can conflict with the superhuman expectations of heroism. gave Vanity Fair the subtitle A Novel without a Hero. The larger-than-life hero is a more common figure of interesting than more realist works. United States seemed to emphasis on individual heroism in its movies, such as Superman, Spiderman, Batman. In those disasters movies, it describe us that there are a lot of destructions in the world. It is always through the hero's courage and wit can the beauty even this world be saved . This kind of movies often makes us soul-stirring and can not help falling in love with the heroes. We feel the heroes and us are deeply linked. This shows that in our heart ,we actually agree with individual heroism, at least we do not object to such values.
There appeared the heroes, since the settlement of the puritans, they surpass all the obstacle, finally lead a better life, this process is so tough that no one can image. They are the founder of the American land, their sacrifice is pay off, they paved the way for the next generations of the American, they made the foundation for the development of the American. The becoming of the Super country is the feat of the common peoples contribution. For instance, the west movement, is the most influential movement in the history of the American. They find the resources which support the country to develop into the most powerful country in the world.
Air Force One is the plan taken by the president for special, Air Force One is the official plane have the sign of any United States air force aircraft carrying the president of the American. In general terms, it refers to those Air Force aircraft whose primary duty is to transport the president; wheres, any U.S. Air Force plane may carry the
The opinion that to create a specific military plane to transport the President arose
in 1943, when officials of the American Army Air Forces – the predecessor to the U.S. Air Force – became concerned with depending on business airlines to carry the President. A C-87 Liberator Express was used as a presidential transport; but, it was objected by the Secret Service among worries about the aircraft's safety. A C-54 Skymaster was then changed for the use of the president; this aircraft, named the Sacred Cow, carried the President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Yalta Conference in February 1945, and was consequently being used for another two years by President Harry S. Truman.
The
On 11 October 1910, Theodore Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to boarding in the plane, although at that time, the plane in an early Wright Flyer from Kinloch Field (near St. Louis, Missouri), he was not in office any longer, been succeeded by William Howard Taft. The record-making moment was a brief overflight of the audience at a country market but was wheres, the start of presidential travel.
Prior to World War II, overseas and cross-country president who is traveling was rare. Lacking wireless telecommunication and fast transportation equipment made the long-distance travel impractical, for it took too much time and keep the president far away from the events in Washington, D.C. Railroads were a safe and more reliable place if the President want to travel to any distant states. By the late 1930s, with the appearance of the aircraft such as the Douglas DC-3, more and more numbers of the U.S. crowd saw passenger travel by air as a rational method of transportation. All-metal aircraft, numerous reliable engines, and high technology radio aids to navigation made the commercial airline travel more safe and more facility. Life insurance firms began to offer airline pilots insurance policies, and numbers of
commercial travelers and government officials began to use the airlines rather than the rail travel, especially for longer trips.
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first to fly in an aircraft when in office. The first aircraft gained specifically for presidential travel was a Douglas Dolphin amphibian dispatched in 1933 which was designed RD-2 by the US Navy and use the Naval base at Anacostia D.C as the base. The Dolphin was equipped with a luxury upholstery for four fares and a little isolated sleeping compartment. The aircraft still in service as a presidential plane from 1933 till 1939. There being no reports about whether the president flew in the plane though. During World War II, Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper, a Pan Am-crewed Boeing 314 flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference, in Morocco, a flight that contained 5,500 miles (in three
Worried about relying upon commercial airlines to carry the president, USAAF leaders ordered the conversion of a military aircraft to meet the needs of the Commander in Chief. The first dedicated aircraft suggested for presidential use was a C-87A VIP transport plane. This aircraft, number 41-24159, was changed in 1943 for the use of a presidential VIP transport, the Guess Where II, planed to carry President Franklin D. Roosevelt on international trips. If it had been accepted, it would have been the first plane used in presidential service, influence the first Air Force One. But, after a review of the C-87's highly controversial safety record in service, the Secret Service flatly rejected to approve the Guess Where II for presidential carriage. At the same time, the C-87 was a derivative of the B-24 Liberator bomber, so it presented offensive impressions to enemy fighter plane and foreign dignitaries being visited as well. The Guess Where II was then used to carry senior members of the Roosevelt administration on trips. In March 1944, it carried Eleanor Roosevelt on a goodwill trip to several Latin American countries. The C-87 was scrapped in 1945.
The Secret Service subsequently reconfigured a Douglas C-54 Skymaster for duty as a presidential carrier. The VC-54C plane, nicknamed the Sacred Cow, including a sleeping area, radio telephone, and retractable elevator to lift Roosevelt in his
wheelchair. The VC-54C was used by President Roosevelt only once, on his travel to the Yalta Conference in February 1945.
The individual heroism in Air Force One, has its character presented to us to a large extent. After the terrorists boarded the plane, the staff tried their best to save the president, let him go by parachute, but he give up the chance. On the contrary, he choose to fight with the terrorists with his unexpected attack. Many situations that the president were caught by the terrorists, but he successfully escaped with the advantage that he was more familiar with the structure of the Air Force One. And he connected the United States vice president and the officials, technicist, with the help of the telephone, he surpass so many difficulties to made obstacles to the terrorists to reach their purpose to control the president and then to negotiate with the vice president, with the aim to release the leader of the terrorists. The wit the president have that save the situation is courage, and skills. First, he choose not to really escape by parachute, his unexpected existence gains him so many advantages, so he killed several terrorists with no arms at hand. And at great worrying situation, he came up with the idea that use the telephone to contact with the technicist to successfully leak the oil the plane stored, with the purpose to threaten the terrorists to landing. Only on the land can they save them, for the whole plan are in the control of the terrorists. So he ventured to save the hostage hold by the terrorists, which is the only hope for the whole staff to survive. No matter what kind of situation he confront, he always keep calm. He tried his best to use everything or every available equipment to keep contact with the officials and find help. When he was beating by the leader of the terrorists, he also thought the method to survive, and to save his family and the officials. The pression on him is so great, but he can also came up with so many ideas. So at last, his wisdom and his calm saved most of the staff and his family, he always let others to come first, he acted as a hero. At last, when the other plan come to the rescue, he let the officials go first, finally, there left three staff but there only a chance for one to survive, but one of the staff afraid to die, he want to shoot the president, but the president stoped him. He appeared to always have the right chose and to be a skilled army-man can take so many adventures to come to rescue the people or even the
country.
Individual heroism is a kind of phenomenon that the hero save the world through the hero's braveness and wit, This kind of movies often makes us soul-stirring and can not help falling in love with the valiant heroes. Feeling the heroes and us are deeply linked, showing that in our heart ,we actually agree with individual heroism, at least we do not object to such values.
III. The reason why Individual Heroism exist in the United States Firstly, we have to date back to the American history. It is known to all that the first generation of Americans are immigrants from Europe. When they arrived this piece of unknown land, the situation was an absolute disadvantage to them. Indians who are obstacles around them ,they were not fitted to the environment, and there were so many inevitable natural disasters to surpass. Everything was difficult to survive here, so there must be some heroes who could lead them and give them the way to survive, at least, in spirit. The man could be outstanding, brave and wise. He made right decisions all the time. And he helped anyone in trouble. He was always willing to sacrifice himself for the whole people. May be this is the historical origin of heroism.
Secondly, we have to find it in American culture. In it's culture, there is a very important value----responsibility. This sense of responsibility comes from the pursuit of a particular thing or a stubborn belief. Personally, I think such culture may be derived from the medieval knights spirits, which cherished the loyalty and braveness, a kind of spirit they bring by the Protestants.
What is a real hero? A hero is the man has went through trials and tribulations, but still persist on his own beliefs. Such analysis seems, it can be divided into two parts to look at individual heroism. First individualism, then is heroism. In fact, individualism is an changeable part of the American culture. Americans believe that the existence of personal development and freedom is the most important aim firmly. Heroism,on the other hand, comes from our own living situations, our anxiety and
fear need us to have a hero to help us. We deeply feel worried about survival from unknown difficulties. While the heroes always have all good qualities that they are expected. They always give us the most favorable support and protection in the most dangerous moment at the sacrifice of their life. If we dig deeper, heroes in United States are in fact have perfect locations for our own. We will never reach that standard, so there must be a consciousness of the hero figure to created from movies and give us a consolation. Americans seem to be aware of this point. So, as we all know, all the heroism of the American movies are involved in affection, love, friendship, failure, frustration, confusion, just like our daily life. But in the end, heroes always rise and eventually overcome the evil.
Speaking of this movie which was taken in the late '80s .you can find many factors classic to praise. But the characters described in it, is the movie's most famous point. Why? First of all, this does not use that kind of plots in the past movies that heroes had magic power that they won't injuries, no tiredness, no fear, and so on. They just held a gun and killed all the gangsters at several moments, this is just the typical image of the hero. Such a hero is too fake . In this film, we can see a flesh and blood. He feel the pain and know he would be injured in the battle and he would feel frustration and wanted to give up.
Why do we called him a hero? For he has his own beliefs, he struggled with justice in mind, even though a lot of sorrow experience and frustration nearly beat him down, even though sometimes he wanted to give up, but in the end he persist till to the end. This is a real hero, a living human hero. From the movie, we really see a heroic description to our inner world—they are man, with feelings and they also have a firm opposition and will not yield. This is the responsibility and spirit in United States individual heroism movie with which they want to present and told us around the world. We all appreciate the heroes in the Bond series, they always very obscure at start, and looking the situation around and try his best to control the whole situation, at the same time, he would always save a beautiful woman, at an extremely perilous situation, but the ending always is the hero successfully saved the woman and protect the country's safety, and with wounds all around the body, but with a happy smile.
This kind series of films are popular in the United States forever, for American ken on watching it. They appreciate the heroes, this kind of spirit is dating back to their ancestors who find the New England, and develop the west vast land, build a new Eden for them, their life are owing to their struggle against the bad person. This is their dream, never chang, that dream can come true, if only you try your best and persist on it.
There is also some qualities about individual heroism in American movies that we must take by heart. First of all, is the pursuing for self-value, which has infinite strength to encourage us to struggle. The second thing we should learn from individual heroism of Americans, that is the responsibility. We have the responsibility to help others, to protect the ones we loved, and even to heal the world. Heroes express the voice of our heart. We are not able to be that perfect, but if we believe in justice, fulfill our responsibility and never give up, we will find, in fact, we are heroes.
And so many other history heroes, for their wit and their outstanding military accomplishments. So there appeared many heroes about the emperor, they finished the old and bleak rule of the former a fatuous and self-indulgent ruler, and try their best to lead the people to have a better life. They are heroes in the eye of the common people. They fight against the attackers and protect the safety of the people on the frontier. And broadening our territory to distribute more fertile land to the people. The kindness official who worked for the common people are also hero in the mind of the peasants, the typical figure of the good official that worked for the common people all his life. And there are also many females sacrifice themselves to save their countries also regarded as a hero. And the Bond series, is the typical figures of heroes, hate injustice like poison, have eyes that can tell the right and the wrong, and would like to change the situation at the last minute. Always try to kill the bad person without considering the result and the difficulties he face. So the real hero is the one who sacrificed his or her life but did not let the next generation to feel sorrow for them, what they want is we lead a better life, living as long as we can, and educate our next generations well. This the most common dream, simple but difficult to reach. This is the true hero not considering anything about the fame and wealth. Long time ago, our parents' generations appreciate their president very much, they saw them as a god in their mind. So there appeared that they build the statues of them at any sacrifice, the president they respected are all be perfectly curved at a high price. For instance, Lincoln, Benjamin Franklin, Roosevelt. They are not only made great contributions to the county but also to the whole world, bring benefit to the whole people in the American. Indeed he did much to the dependence of the country, but the achievement is not himself. Without
the union of the whole country we can not gain the progress made by us now. So individual heroism sometimes motivate us to try harder to save the world to change the situation we have. But to another extreme, individual heroism can lead us to turn a deaf ear to the right policies that have benefits on our countries, so this is a difficult question. Nowadays, we have heroes as well, but they are common people. Maybe they learn something from the previous heroes. The individual heroism in both countries may be exist in different forms. The Americans seemed to have much interesting on the kind of people who have a good command of technology or Kung fu and with extraordinary wisdom always can find the solution to the most sever situation. It is unbelievable, something exaggerate, may be just for fun, for feeling it to far away from us. It is not for the common people, may be this is their American dream that everything can come true, what you need to do is just try you best, and persist on it. A series of Band can suggest it. But the hero in American also have the character what the common people have, when face a difficult, first scared to run away, but realized it later then come back to fight against it, it is the common people's hero. They are more reality.
IV. Conclusion
After we know the the individual heroism existing in the American, and compared the difference of the individual heroism in China and the United States, I suppose every countries have their own standard to be a hero in the whole people's mind, though there is something different but have much common as well. A hero is one who contribute to the safety and the peace, the wealth of the country is a hero, no matter how this contribution is bid or not, they try their best. People will respect them, that is the same. Individual heroism is a sword with two blades, so we should to control it to the best degree. History told us, extremely cult of personality can only bring us catastrophe, so be ware of the situation we are in. Just try our best to make contribution to our countries, never with the purpose to be respected by the whole countries and considering the fame it bring can you to sacrifice to the countries, this is totally wrong. Be a common people, and do what you can do for the countries is enough. A man with wisdom but have mean thoughts can bring us a lot of trouble, but a common people will not do this. So the hero should realized that a man always have its limits, so if you have some contributions to the countries, do not lose yourself in
the praisings, remember you are a common people, your thoughts can not be always right and always stand on the foot of the people. So be conscious that men have its limits. We appreciate the hero, the society and the history need the hero, but heroes with a balanced attitude will always be a hero in the mind of the people forever.
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(4) 胡立新，方拥军.好莱坞大片的极端文化价值观批判［J］.文艺争鸣，2006(04).
从美国大片谈美国的个人英雄主义
[摘要]美国电影《雨人》是由著名导演莱文森所执导的一部亲情题材的电影，因其独特的拍摄方式、耐人寻味的情节以及深刻的寓意而广受观众好评。这部电影具有极为深刻的文化和道德内涵，能够在精神层面引发人们对人性的重新思考，不仅在整个20世纪80年代有着巨大的影响，而且在整个美国电影史上也占有着重要地位，并因此获得了包括第61届奥斯卡最佳影片奖和最佳导演奖在内的诸多国际大奖。本文通过剖析影片中的人物性格和剧情等，来进一步解读影片所表达的主旨内涵。
[关键词]《雨人》；人性；道德；表现力
美国电影《雨人》主要讲述了一个关于人间亲情的感人故事，汽车商人查理从小与父亲不和，当父亲去世之后他的哥哥雷曼几乎继承了所有的家产，对金钱极为看重的查理决定劫持自己患有严重自闭症的哥哥，试图通过这种方式找回自己的那份财产，但是在旅途中发生的一切逐渐让查理感受到了人间亲情的珍贵，并逐渐放弃了自己原来的想法，实现了人类本性真善美的回归。这部电影具有极为深刻的文化和道德内涵，能够在精神层面引发人们对人性的重新思考，不仅在整个20世纪80年代有着巨大的影响，而且在整个美国电影史上也占有着重要地位，并因此获得了包括第61届奥斯卡最佳影片奖和最佳导演奖在内的诸多国际大奖。
一、特殊时代背景下的人物形象设计
《雨人》这部电影的主题是亲情，亲情题材的电影总是能够充分体现出博爱和温馨，长久以来都被人们所津津乐道。《雨人》的人物设计比较特别，其中的主人公有两个，一个是精明能干、过度追求经济利益的汽车商人查理，一个是患有自闭症但充满真诚的雷曼。故事的情节从他们父亲的去世展开，影片通过一个个小的故事情景和人物的动作对话慢慢地向观众展示了两个人完全不同的性格特征和价值理念。在影片的开始阶段，具有不同性格的两个电影主人公是处于对立和矛盾的状态之中的，几乎所有的情节都显示了两人的不和，这种人物之间不断激化的矛盾正体现了不同的道德价值取向，导演试图让人们通过欣赏电影的方式来对剧中的人物和情节做出自己的价值判断。
该影片之所以能够受到全世界的广泛认可，一方面是由于其精湛的拍摄技艺和引人入胜的故事情节，另一方面是由于这部电影真实地反映出了20世纪80年代那个特殊的时代背景，进而能够最大限度地引起人们内心深处的共鸣。《雨人》试图通过电影艺术的方式来重现人性的魅力和亲情的珍贵，提醒人们比金钱和利益更重要的是人间真情。影片为了全面地表达主题思想，在人物设计、场景设计以及剧情设计方面也是独具匠心，人物塑造的成功是这部电影广受好评的主要因素之一。雷曼患有自闭症，行为举止和正常人相差甚远，甚至有些行为难以被人们理解，因为长期生活在医院里，所以他的社会交际能力非常弱，无法同其他人进行正常的交流，突然走进社会显得难以适应。但是，这个具有明显生理缺陷的自闭症患者却拥有着独特的人格魅力和超凡的记忆力，雷曼无疑具有两面性，一面是憨态可掬的自闭症患者形象，另一面则是与众不同的数学天才。这两种迥异的个性极大地挑战了演员的技能，据了解，饰演雷曼的男演员霍夫曼为了更加传神地表现出自闭症患者的呆滞表情和异常的行为，与很多自闭症患者相处达数月，不断地观察和模仿他们的行为举止，不断地揣摩他们的心理活动，通过这种切身体验的方式来领悟该电影人物角色的本质和真谛。雷曼是一名患者，他用自己独有的方式向这个世界展示着人世间最美好最本真的东西，那就是人间亲情，影片从头至尾都在试图通过雷曼的固执行为和查理被感化的内心活动来向观众传达亲情至上的价值观念。当雷曼看到父亲的红色汽车时，嘴里不断地重复父亲和弟弟，行为显得有些呆板，从这一细节可以看出，在雷曼的内心世界里没有利益和杂念，只有人类最为质朴的亲情，亲情对于雷曼来说是最珍贵的东西，任何损害亲情的行为都会让他感到极度不安。与雷曼这一人物形象形成强烈反差的他的弟弟查理，查理虽然表面上看起来是一个正常人，而且工于心计，非常精明干练。但是，从电影导演所要表达的主旨来看，查理具有心理上的缺陷，在影片的开始阶段，查理为了获得遗产，不惜采用极端的方式将他的哥哥劫持，而且在整个故事中，查理的种种偏激行为都表明了他在情感方面的缺失。雷曼和查理行为上和思想上的对立是影片剧情开展的引线，也正是这种矛盾和对立才进一步使得两人的性格特征得到了更为鲜明的对比，进而更加突出地体现电影的主题思想。
二、影片中出色的细节表现力
《雨人》这部电影与其他的美国好莱坞大片不同，它没有气势恢宏的打斗场面，没有令人过目难忘的特技镜头，也没有充满激情跌宕起伏的电影剧情。然而，这部电影却以一种相对比较平和的方式述说着一个个充满温馨和内涵的小故事，导演通过对包括灯光、剧情、音响、场景等在内的各种细节的把握来提升该影片的整体质量，可以说，这部影片之所以能够获得巨大的成功，很大程度上是得益于出色的细节表现力。正是由于对细节的高度重视，才让影片从头至尾都充满着温情，每一个行为和每一段对白都能够很好地为电影主题服务，使整部影片显得结构严谨，条理清晰。
公路和汽车是这部电影的重要构成要素，从某种程度上来讲，公路和汽车更是电影剧情的载体，不论是在影片的开始阶段，还是在影片的结尾，公路和汽车都作为主要的叙事场景。主人公查理出场的时候，镜头对准了吊在半空中的汽车，这一细节既向观众表明了查理的工作背景，又展示了查理精明能干的性格特征和如中天的个人事业，至此，一个鲜明的人物开始慢慢浮现在人们眼前。紧接着，查理得到了父亲的死讯去参加葬礼，后来我们得知了查理之所以被父亲赶出家门是由于小时候他偷开了汽车。由此可以看出，汽车是一切矛盾的起始点，逐渐推动着情节的发展，在这部影片中，汽车不仅仅是一件道具，更是引发所有故事的导火索和个人情感的承载体。
当查理试图让哥哥雷曼坐飞机时被拒绝，雷曼细数了很多关于空难的数据，查理显然此时对雷曼的行为非常地诧异和不理解，无奈之下，他只好用汽车载着哥哥开始一段耐人寻味的旅程。导演刻意选择用汽车作为叙事的背景是有深刻原因的，众所周知，汽车是西方世界工业的代表，几乎每一个美国家庭都有汽车，汽车成为美国人生活中的不可或缺。在这部亲情题材的影片中，采用汽车作为主要场景更加符合美国人的审美需要，并且更加具有亲切感，也为故事情节的展开提供了一个充满想象力的场景。两人在旅途的过程中，雷曼突然想起要到一个特定的地方买一条特定的内裤，这让作为正常人的弟弟查理无可奈何，也让银幕前的观众哭笑不得。查理无法说服哥哥，于是生气地走下汽车，一个人在公路上游荡，当他回头看时，发现哥哥早已离开汽车，朝他的反方向走去。此时的汽车里变得非常空荡，通过这一场景可以看出，汽车已经被视为两人交流和沟通的主要场所，而空荡的汽车则向观众说明了性格迥异的两个人难以弥合的心理鸿沟。在这个时刻，汽车被孤零零地丢弃在路边，两个人却沿着相反的方向走远，营造出了一种悲凉的氛围，为以后故事的发展做了铺垫。后来，查理偶然间发现了雷曼超凡的记忆力，决定带着哥哥去赌场，最后查理凭借雷曼的超能力赢得了一大笔钱。查理大喜若狂，同他的哥哥和女朋友苏珊娜在车里嬉戏打闹，外面灿烂的阳光和欢快流淌的泉水也暗示着兄弟两人的隔阂开始消失，两人也开始相互包容和理解对方的性格。此时的汽车仍然是作为一个主要的场景，只是同前一个场景不同，在这个时刻，汽车里的氛围已经变得非常地温馨和融洽，从不同的角度折射出查理开始慢慢地被雷曼的真诚所打动，并且逐渐意识到亲情才是这个世界上最为珍贵的东西，自己原来的价值理念正在潜移默化地发生着改变。 这部电影带有一定的喜剧色彩，故事的发展是以雷曼和查理荒诞离奇的矛盾冲突为主线，影片中的很多情节都会让人忍俊不禁，但是这部电影又不是单纯的喜剧，在说笑之后往往会给观众的内心深处带来前所未有的震撼。幽默一直以来都是美国电影所追求的效果，影片的主人公雷曼身为一个自闭症患者被弟弟强制带出医院进入现实社会，雷曼的种种异常行为极具喜剧色彩，导演通过对一个具有鲜明个性特征的患者的刻画和描写，将该影片的观赏效果提升到了一个新的高度。例如，雷曼在精神疗养医院里每天都会收看电视节目，在旅途中的他仍然坚持自己的这一习惯，查理在无奈之下只有带着哥哥去别人家看电视，当雷曼和小孩子在一起收看电视节目的时候，小孩子们只是毫无表情地看着电视剧屏幕，而雷曼的内心却充满了兴奋和欢乐，那可爱的表情和幼稚的动作无疑具有很强的幽默感和滑稽感，而这一细节也恰恰反映出了雷曼单纯的思想和善良的本性特征。
三、影片中所体现出的道德立场
《雨人》这部影片通过波澜不惊的故事情节向人们展示了当今这个世界所隐藏的道德危机和社会矛盾，通过对查理这一人物形象的刻画，反映出了过度追求物质利益的人们的真实嘴脸。而通过对雷曼这一带有生理缺陷的人物的塑造，间接表现了导演对人间真情和纯真本性的追求和向往。《雨人》拍摄于特定的时代背景下，其表达的主题思想无疑是对现实社会的一次有力的批判，引发了人们对于自身行为的深层次的思考和反思。现阶段，人类社会正处于一个高度发达的市场经济社会，追求经济利益成为时代的主题，然而，经济利益一方面提高了人们的物质生活水平，另一方面人们的内心世界却被越来越多的功利思想所占据，逐渐侵蚀着纯真的亲情、友情和爱情，传统的道德观念慢慢被遗忘，人们的精神世界开始变得空虚，与此同时，各种各样的社会矛盾也在不断地积累和激化。在故事的起始阶段，查理贪婪地利用雷曼为自己谋取经济利益，此时导演刻意使用了低角度暗光拍摄手法，使查理的脸部大面积地处于阴影之中，暗示着他内心的险恶、丑陋的行为以及以自我为中心的性格。这一细节的展现，表明电影导演对查理个人行为的批判，从而明确地表达出了自己的道德立场。在这部影片中，雷曼单纯而滑稽的行为一点一滴地感化着带有极强功利主义色彩的查理。在故事的最后，查理决定放弃自己原来的想法，不再索取父亲的财产，当他看着渐渐远去的火车的时候，查理的内心被彻底感化，他的眼眶里含着泪水，心里也百感交集。此时的查理显然已经深深领悟到了亲情的珍贵，原有的价值观念也在发生着变化。火车送别这一场景淋漓尽致地体现了电影的主题思想，即人间的真情最终战胜了欲望，为这部影片的剧情发展带来了一个新的高潮。尽管这部影片没有其他美国大片的华丽场面和巨额的投资，但是，却以一种比较平和的方式给人们讲述了一个关于人间真情的感人故事，深刻反映出了那个特定的时代背景。时光飞逝，转眼间已经过去了二十多年，然而时间并没有使这部电影黯然失色，反而令电影所表达的精神主旨更加深入人心。
[参考文献]
[1]王志敏.现代电影美学体系[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2010.
[2]蓝爱国.启示与借鉴：好莱坞的意识形态策略[J].艺术广角，2008（01）.
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[作者简介]郑巍，女，满族，辽宁新民人，硕士，齐齐哈尔大学大学英语教研部讲师。主要研究方向：英语教学与跨文化研究。
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